Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be divided into two major types, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). The initial ELISA test has a sensitivity of about 70%, and in two-tiered testing, the overall sensitivity is only 64%, although this rises to 100% in the subset of people with disseminated symptoms, such as arthritis. Studies show the Western blot IgM has a specificity of 94–96% for patients with clinical symptoms of early Lyme disease. The reliability of testing in diagnosis remains controversial. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a two-tier protocol using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) initially, followed by the more specific Western blot to confirm the diagnosis when the assay samples are positive or equivocal. A history of confirmed exposure to tick bites, typical signs and symptoms of Lyme borreliosis and positive tests for anti-Bb antibodies, are the basis of a diagnosis. Lyme disease is a multi-organ animal-borne disease, caused by spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), which typically affect the skin, nervous system, musculoskeletal system and heart. Industry Insights with Yuning Chen on Recombinant Proteins.ExpertAnswers: Yuning Chen on Antibody Production.Universal Vaccine Advancement through AI and Recombinant Technology.Nanobodies: An Important Tool for the Next Generation of Tumor Diagnostics and Therapeutics.ExpertAnswers: Amy Sheng on Antibody Screening and Discovery.Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Impact on Drug Discovery.CAR-T Cell Therapy Development: From Personalized to off the Shelf Approaches.BioBuzz with Sino | Episode 1: ChatGPT in Biotech.Special Offer: Custom Recombinant Antibody Production Service.
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